The Monadology attempts to define the ultimate substance of the world. The first part of The Monadology explains what a monad is, whereas, the second part of The Monadology concentrates on metaphysical principles. All that there is in the universe consists of monads, which there are an infinite number of them. A monad is a simple, indivisible substance. It can also be thought of as "the true atom of nature, in brief, the elements of things" (Leibniz, 1714:285).
             "Whatever, is, was and will be true of a substance follows as a matter of certainty from the nature of that substance" (Enoch). They have a certain type of perfection to them. Monads have an infinite number of properties; they have all the properties that they will ever need to exhibit during the course of their existence. Therefore, all their properties are built in at the beginning of their existence. This means that they have a substantial form and ultimately have a final cause. Their final cause is the end that they are trying to reach.
             Monads have "no window through which something can enter or leave" (Leibniz, 1714:292). This means that there is no way in which another monad may externally cause any change to another. If that's the case then it seems that all these monads are similar. In fact, that is not the case because there are no two perfectly alike beings in nature, or else all monads would be indistinguishable from one another. The changes that occur within monads occur due to internal principles; they are not caused externally.
             Internal principle is the change from one perception to another, which is called appetition. Monads manifest perceptions, which are states that undergo transitions as they unfold. The appetition is the energy driving the monads with its perceptions towards its state transition or end. However, the appetition does not always reach the perception it wanted to, but always attains a portion...