e strand by breaking down the bond and releasing enzymes to relax the nick.[4] As we can see, DNA gyrase is essential to DNA replication. Some antimicrobial agents, such as Quinolone, inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, rendering the chromosome unable to transcript and replicate.[1] Another target to attack is ribosomal RNA. Streptomycin, for example, prevents the initiation of protein synthesis, and causes the misreading of proteins being translated.[4] But when antibiotics are misused, a bacterium's genetic make-up will often mutate and cause the cell to become resistant to one or many types of antibiotics.
             When an antibiotic is used inappropriately, the bacteria that do not die will be "trained" to withstand that chemical. Or, when a single mutant bacterium survives the bactericide, it will multiply rapidly into a colony. There are three ways bacteria spread in such a swift and effective manner. One way is by conjugation, a means by which bacteria mate and distribute their genetic material. Its process is similar to that in the passing of a computer virus or STDs. In conjugation, a fine filament of protein called a 'pilus' reaches to another bacteria and pulls them together. The donor duplicates its plasmids and passes it to the recipient so that both now carry the same copy of DNA, and become donors of the new resistant strain as they continue to multiply and colonize.[8] Another alternative is transduction, which resembles a mosquito in the passing of a disease. Bacterial viruses called bacteriophages inject its DNA into a bacterium where it can both lyse and destroy the cell, or reside in the chromosome. If it resides, the phage DNA matures within the cell, possibly carrying pieces of the bacteria's mutant chromosome.[8] Finally, there is transformation, involving mutated antibiotic-resistance genes hidden in entities called transposons. A transposon is analogous to head lice; they are smaller pieces o...