women with four year degrees because they are known to be
over-qualified. Usually the women get a two year degree in teaching. If they try for
anything more prestigious, most organizations will not hire them. Japanese women are
socialized from infancy to limit themselves and not be assertive when it comes to getting
If a Japanese woman does chose to work, it is usually a low-paying job, while the
men get positions that pay exceptionally better. "Women's wages are only 62.5 percent of
those of men, and women start only 13.6 per cent of new businesses"(AHRC,1999). In
these low-paying jobs, there is rarely any opportunity to get promoted. Due to the lack of
promotions, women usually switch jobs many times through their careers. They are usually
limited to clerical and sales positions. While Japanese men hold from 95 to 100 percent of
the managerial and official positions.
Japan created laws to stop this discrimination from continuing. In the Japanese
Constitution, Article 14 states that there should not be discrim
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