o evoke a response to a CS, but not to other similar but different stimulus. Pavlov paired a black ellipse with the meat powder, combining this with the bell and once the black ellipse had produced a CR he paired the UCS (meat powder) with a similar shape and not with the ellipse. The new shape, a black circle, was repeatedly paired with the meat powder until it produced a CR. The dog was able to discriminate between the shapes.
             · Higher Order Conditioning - Pavlov did another experiment where he paired a metronome (CS) with the meat powder (UCS). After evoking a CR to the CS he paired it with a black square (neutral stimulus) but no UCS. After a while the square evoked a CR even though it had never been paired with the UCS.
             · Extinction – this occurs when the CS loses its ability to produce a CR. Pavlov produced the CS but did not reinforce it using the UCS. After repeating this several times the dog did not salivate. Also, if the CS is used again after a time-lapse, the CR may return but in a weaker form. This is known as spontaneous recovery.
             Applications of Classical Conditioning
             Classical conditioning is used to treat people with phobias, using various methods. Fir
             ...