- culture concept first clear definition developed by British anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor
             - examples of species of animals that lead a social existence without culture: ants, bees
             therefore, society can exist without culture, but culture cannot exist without society
             - no member of a society has exact version of his/her culture as another
             - gender: the meanings cultures assign to the biological differences of the sexes
             -therefore, one's sexual identity or gender is culturally constructed
             - gender differences are as old as human culture- about 2.5 mill. yrs.
             -" " arose from biological differences
             - relationships between food foragers are open although both sexes usually do not carry
             - subculture: a distinctive set of standards & behavior patterns that a group within a larger society operates by
             - example of subculture: Amish (who rely on horse for transportation as well as agriculture & have their own set of ideas dissimilar as well as similar to the society)
             - old-order Amish originated in Austria and Moravia during Reformation- now mainly populate Ohio, Indiana & Pennsylvania
             - pluralistic societies: societies that have a diversity of cultural patterns
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