Controversies Between Church and State
             During the Middle Ages, church and state leaders had many battles.
             Some who were involved were Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich IV and Pope
             Gregory VIII; King II and Archbishop Thomas Becket; King Philip IV and
             Pope Boniface VIII. Their situations were all related by the fact that they
             were all controversies between an emperor or king and the Catholic church.
             The Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich (Henry) IV and Pope Gregory
             VIII's struggle was centered on by investiture. Henry invested many bishops
             at his own will even though Gregory had banned investiture by laity. Henry
             felt his investiture of bishops was necessary to the control of his kingdom, so
             he kept on doing it. Gregory responded to this by excommunicating Henry.
             Henry later apologized and received the Pope's forgiveness. Out of
             humiliation, he chased Gregory out of Rome and elected a new pope.
             King Henry II made his close and dear friend Thomas Becket
             Archbishop of Canterbury in hopes that since he and his friend were so
             close, Becket would give some power over the Church to Henry. Instead,
             Becket refused to do Henry's bidding and became a fierce champion of the
             independence and rights of the church. In 1170, Becket was killed during a
             church mass by four of Henry's knights. Henry surrendered to the Pope, who
             threatened him with excommunication. Thomas Becket was later named a
             saint and is a symbol of the struggle between church and state.
             Pope Boniface VIII believed that the Pope, whomever he may be, was
             always in higher power than the reigning king or emperor. Boniface issued a
             bull saying kings could not tax cler...