importantly different dimensions of these
philosophical enterprises, I want to begin with some very general thoughts about practical
justification.
Justifying an act, a strategy, a practice, an arrangement, or an institution typically involves
showing it to be prudentially rational, morally acceptable, or both (depending on the kind of
justification at issue). And showing this, in standard cases, centrally involves rebutting
certain kinds of possible objections to it: either comparative objections--that other acts or
institutions (etc.) are preferable to the one in question--or noncomparative objections--that
the act in question is unacceptable or wrong or that the institution practices or sanctions
wrongdoing or vice. Justification, we might say, i
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