The wing, horizontal stabilizer and vertical stabilizer of an aircraft have, at their trailing edges, control surfaces which change the direction of flight by altering the lift characteristics of the surface which house them. The flaps, which are designed to increase the lift of the wings on take-off and landing, are lowered. The increased camber of the upper surface causes the air flowing across the wing's upper surface to move even faster, decreasing the air pressure on the upper surface. This increases the force on the bottom of the wing and increases the lift. The ailerons, which control the rolling motion of the plane, shift in opposite directions. When the airplane is to turn to the right, the aileron on the left wing lowers, increasing the lift on that wing. At the same time, the aileron on the right wing is raised, which creates an opposite-lift effect, and the aircraft "rolls" to the right. The opposite is true for a left turn. The rudder works similarly: to yaw to the right, the rudder swings right, creating a greater pressure on the right side of the vertical stabilizer. This causes the tail of the plane to shift to the left, and the plane pivots about the vertical axis, pointing the nose right. The opposite is true for left yaw. Elevators, which control the pitch of the plane, work differently for each configuration. They will be discussed separately.
             Today, the Standard Configuration is the most prevalent design of personal, commercial and military airplanes. The main wing is located about a third- or half-way from the nose of the aircraft, close to the center of gravity, and serves as the lateral axis. The empennage at the tail of the plane consists of the horizontal stabilizer and the vertical stabilizer.
             The horizontal stabilizer provides lateral stability and houses the elevator, which controls the pitch of the aircraft. In the Standard Configuration, because the horizontal stabilizer a...