1. Ethnic stratification is a rank order of groups, each made up of people with
             presumed common cultural or physical characteristics interacting in patterns of dominance
             and subordination. To begin with, all systems of ethnic stratification are products of the
             contact of previously separated groups. Initial contact may be in the form of conquest,
             annexation, voluntary immigration, or involuntary immigration. Following contact, groups
             engage in competition, view one another ethnocentrically, and, ultimately, one imposes its
             superior power over the others, emerging as the dominant group. Ethnic stratification
             systems are created by the movement of people across national boundaries, usually
             bringing with them different languages and cultural systems, or by the establishment of
             new political boundaries. Multiethnic societies are formed through one or a combination
             of several contact patterns. The first factor critical to the emergence of ethnic
             stratification or inequality is Conquest. Conquest is a form of contact in which people of
             one society subdue all or part of another society and take on the role of the dominant
             group. European colonialism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries best exemplifies
             this pattern. The next factor to the emergence of ethnic stratification is Annexation. It is
             a political occurrence in which a part or possibly all of one society is incorporated into
             another. If a gathered society has a dominant group, then the ethnic groups within that
             society become subordinate at the point that sovereignty is transferred. Such annexation
             may occur in a peaceful or a violent manner. Following annexation, the most common
             patterns by which ethnic groups come into contact involve immigration. The immigration
             of peoples from one society to another may be either voluntary or involuntary. The chief
             source of ethnic heterogeneity in the United States, Canada, Australia...