this case is of little concern clinically
             2. d - (a) This patient's PaCO2 has resulted in a fall in pH. It is important to remeber that a small change in pH in one direction means a large change in the other direction. a Ph of 7.30 = a 50 nM/L (25%) increase in [ H+]. (b and c) Despite the fact that this pt is on 100% O2, his PaO2 is only 60. As his PCO2 is 55 his VA is further decreased. Letter E is just bad.
             3. How would this patient's decrease in inspired O2 and increase in CO2 affect the O2-Hgb dissociation curve response as opposed to an increase in CO2 alone?
             3. - The effects are additive, and the response will be amplified (Oxygen will be unloaded from the hmeoglobin protein molecule) . Increased PCO2 shifts the curve to the right (Bohr effect). Increased [H+] (even independent of PCO2 shifts the curve to the right. Should this patient be chronically hypoxemic, that would trigger 2,3 DPG synthesis which would further shift the curve to the right. These factors are compensatory, since the reduced affinity makes unloading of O2 in the tissues easier, therby faclicitating end-organ perfusion.
             b. Ventilation * amount needed to maintain normal CO2
             c. Exertional fatigue (result of cardiovascular, neuromuscular, or non-pulmonary disease)
             d. Should be treated by placing a paper bag over a patient's mouth and having them rebreath CO2
             4. b - Hyperventilation is often misdefined, even among medical professionals. It is concisely defined as ventilation greater than that amount needed to maintain normal CO2. A RR * 12-20/min is tachypnea, which as we saw in our scenario does not neccessarily lead to a ventilation * amount needed to maintain normal CO2. Exertional fatigue may present with tachypnea, but still present with elevated PCO2. Treating patients with a paper bag a treatment of the past. Underlying pathology must always be ruled out when a patient presents with respiratory s...