1- the Phonecians renewed the old trade contacts
             1- the Phonecians taught the Greeks how to apply their alphabet writing system to the spoken language of Greece
             2- Books, plays, epics start to become written
             1- because of rising populations and need for fertile land
             1- the hoplite was a heavily armed infantry soldier
             2- the hoplite phalanx was a formation of hoplites trained to move and act in unison
             E- Greek city-states developed constitutions and democracy
             1- Some city-states turned to tyrants while some turned to democracies during this time
             1- Athens constitution developed over many years and in many forms, to eventually guarantee equality under law for all citizens
             2- Solon was elected archon in 594 B.C. to reform the government and establish a constitution for Athens
             a- he eliminated debt and slavery, and restructured the government giving more power to landless classes
             3- After Solon retired, Athens was seized by the tyrant Peisistratos and later, his son, Hippias
             4- The Athenians threw out Hippias in 510 B.C. and elected Cleisthenes
             G- By 500 BCE almost all-Greek city-states had established a democratic constitution
             2- 490 BCE first Persian War- Athenians defeat Persians at Marathon
             3- 480 BCE second Persian War- Persia destroys Athens
             B- The Peloponnesian Wars 433-405 BCE
             2- Athenian Democracy reaches perfection
             1- Relationship between individual and state
             a- no last names, only names designating citizenship
             b- public life emphasized over private life
             2- Religion and government were linked
             a- sacrifice and participation in other rituals was a public act
             b- citizenship required participation in the state religion
             Pericles' funeral oration was given after the first battles of the Peloponnesian War (431/430B.C.). Pericles gave the speech to all Athenian citizens and anyone who wished to participate in the ceremonies. The speech was intended to honor the men who fought an...