that with the onslaught of hardship and anger, views can change and lead to the discrimination and prejudice of those different to you. The loss of his arm, and the loss of his love serve as constant reminders of the war to him, he describes himself to Hatsue 'I'm like a dying person' and has never felt 'himself' since the war.
             Ishmael is Guttersons' tool to demonstrate how the effect of war on a young mind can warp their view of the world, how they can fall into a downward spiral of leading a life feeling isolated; being loveless and ultimately being emotionally and physically scarred – haunted by the traumatic effect war has on them.
             Gutterson describes Kabuo as carrying guilt 'that lived in him perpetually and that he exerted himself not to communicate'. Similarly to Ishmael, kabuo is haunted by his guilt that he carries over the killing of four people during the war, his first 'murder' being the most disturbing to him 'the world was unreal, a nuisance that prevented him from focusing on his memory of that boy'. During his trial he had wanted to display 'that his spirit was haunted', however, this reflection
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