he Jungle by Upton Sinclair attacked the meatpacking industry. And last, but not least, Ida Tarbell exposed the abuses by the Standard Oil Trust. One of the many results of these muckrakers was that city commissions replaced mayors and city councils in some areas to prevent machine rule.
             The second theme was that success was not necessarily a factor of individual character. They emphasized the social cohesion and common bonds between citizens. They saw this as a way to gain a better understanding of how modern society and economics actually worked. They rejected the idea of social Darwinism, which said that only
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