al, dependent, passive) were incompatible with the characteristics desirable for a manager" (Jacobs and McCelland, 1994). According to the functionalist perspective, women serve society better in traditional female gender roles. These gender roles create many unpaid tasks for women, such as child-care, housework, etc., and maintain society's consensus. Therefore, for women to attain upper-level managerial positions, they must step "outside" the traditional gender roles that society has placed upon them (Gutek, 1
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