rgh routinely beat his animals into surrender. The belief was that the trainer must prove physical power. The master of this method in the 20th century was the American Clyde Beatty, who defeated as many as forty black-maned African lions and Royal Bengal Tigers at one time (L. 420).
             In September of 1999, the Clyde Beatty-Cole Bros. Circus had been charged under the U.S. Animal Welfare Act for mistreating elephants. In 1998, inspectors from the U.S. Department of Agriculture found several elephants with wounds. They said the wounds were caused by abuse of an ankus, a large hook that is used to force animals to obey commands. Circus officials denied the allegations and claimed that the elephants suffered from infected hair follicles (Hosaka 1). Animal activists boycott and protest aga
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