expression changes, which are underlying causes of both adverse drug reactions and drug therapy success (International Society of Pharmacogenomics [ISP], n.d.). ISP states that pharmacogenomics "uses genomic technologies such as gene expression analysis [...]. It encompasses both clinical response as well as adverse side effects and other physiological changes and can be applied to drugs in development as well as those in current use." (ISP, n.d.)
             The public's perception of the overall study of genetics is split. In a 2000 study conducted by the National Health Council (NHC), the focus group was divided, with just over a half stating that they would be willing to participate in a clinical study (Rothstein, 2003). The NHC's study also showed that the public's knowledge of genetic research is scarce, in that cloning was the only research type of which the focus group knew. Although the group was ignorant to the other forms of genetic research, they held an excess of concerns, including confidentiality, morality, and discrimination. There was high concern over private company research, as Rothstein states (Rothstein, 2003) that participants "were concerned over the possible influence of
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