about the misbehavior, and concern about the future implications of the misbehavior, available alternative discipline responses, and preventive discipline responses. The study also included fathers as respondents. Fathers' voices are relatively rare in the literature on parenting. Although mothers and fathers have been found to engage in similar levels of harsh disciplin!
             e. The research on relations among contextual influences, cognitive-emotional processes, and discipline responses has focused primarily on mothers. Thus, inclusion of fathers here has the potential to extend current understanding of parents' discipline responses. More specifically, this design enabled examination of parent sex as a moderator of relations among socioeconomic status, ethnicity, parenting beliefs, stress, perceptions of the child, cognitive-emotional processes, and discipline responses, which is are noted as important new avenues for study.
             Respondents in this study were participants in the Child Development Project. They were selected in two cohorts from Nashville, Tennessee. A
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