amped and uncomfortable; workplaces usually remained noisy, unhealthy and dangerous." Some of the urban workers even employed in textiles, mining, and other unskilled occupations. Farmers were also expanding their holdings and mechanized their operations, and at the same time, lost their land and joined the mass of farmhands. Politically, liberals and conservatives were competing for their forces in the Western world. Conservatives came from the privileged groups in the society and supported existing class distinctions. But Liberals, who derived from the rising business and professional classes, "wanted to change the society so that they would have a secure and powerful place in it." Liberal-conservative differences often caused battles and contests among the factory workers. People believed this was "the destruction of capitalism through socialism." How was socialism originated? It was Marxism that "proclaimed that such productive forces as technology, material resources, and labor determined economic relationships." Marx believed that new classes would replace old classes and create new superstructures, and the only way is to overthrow the rising class with new productive forces. Thus, class conflict was considered inevitable until communism. Nationalism was another major political theme of the century. It is "a learned emotional loyalty that individuals direct toward a group with which they perceive common bonds" such as language, religion, social and institutional traditions, territory, and history. Then there is
             ...