ical plan, and complex exterior and interior spaces interpenetration. Mies was appointed director of the Bauhaus at Dessau (1930). He left Germany in 1937 for the United States, where he headed the department of architecture at the Armour Institute in Chicago (now the Illinois Institute of Technology) until his retirement in 1958. There, he planned the new campus and designed several of its buildings (1942-58). In the 860 Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1949-51) and the Seagram Building in New York (with Philip Cortelyou Johnson; 1956-58), Mies incorporated the principles of the glass skyscraper with a surface expression of steel-frame construction. Mies also experimented with buildings of a single great space, such as the New National Gallery in Berlin (1962-68).
             Prague remained a fairly small city until the 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in the 1840s and the growth of industrialization caused a great expansion. To preserve the architecture of the old town, along railroad tunnel was dug under the center of the city.
             In the 1840s, the population was about 140,000. The old city walls were removed, and Wenceslas Square became the center of the modern city. New industrial districts arose around the city. Much of Prague's industry at this time was financed by foreign capital. Rapid industrial expansion was aided by coal mines and ironworks at neighboring Kraluv Dvur and Kladno. A river port was developed in the district of Holesovice in the north of the city.
             During the 19th century, the Czech population began to achieve cultural and political dominance in the city. When Czechoslovakia gained its independence in 1918, Prague became the capital of the new republic. During the 1920s and 1930s, new residential areas were developed to the west. These districts were planned as garden cities. Czech arc
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