ght hard to secure a place for blacks in America that would render them economically self-sufficient and able to keep their dignity. Washington's approach is particularly interesting because it stressed the importance of non-political, self-sufficient development of black communities: the same philosophy espoused, with a twist, by black nationalists organizations like the Nation of Islam six decades later.
             Directly opposed to Booker T. Washington, and espousing a philosophy more akin to the 1950s non-violent organizations like SCLC, stood W.E.B. DuBois. The first black person to graduate with a Ph.D. from Harvard University, DuBois believed that rather than look for self sufficiency within a marginalized niche, blacks should fight for integration using all the legal means they could muster. With his eye on achieving complete black civil rights, DuBois co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909. When the struggle for black civil rights was renewed in the 1950s, the NAACP stood at the forefront. Dubois also fought for the concept of black pride well before others spoke about it. He organized Pan-African conferences, led philosophical discourses about the concept of black culture, and eventually moved to Africa when he became disgusted with America's inability to respect the rights of her black citizens.
             This period of civil rights history embodied by Washington and Dubois had important consequences for the people who were to take up the torch
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