d blacks. Unhappily, those aims sometimes contain a painful contradiction: Compensating for past discrimination against some people can create "fresh discrimination" against others. When companies make extraordinary efforts to hire or to promote minority workers, they are both directly and indirectly penalizing white workers. (Graglier 27-8)
             Since the 1970's, most major companies and many smaller ones have adopted formal written policies to recruit minorities. The result has helpfully produced major gains for black job-seekers. In fact, the percentage of blacks in the work force has risen by fifty percent in the past twenty-five years; a solid advance taking into account a significantly larger black population. The largest of such gains were in the South by black women. Many jobs came in g
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