peed clinical research through greater consistency and data gathering. These systems significantly improve the quality of surgical techniques, improving results and reducing the need for repeat surgery. CIS systems are important to surgeons, hospitals, and insurers because they reduce time and costs. They reduce cost from healing time and repeat surgery by providing effective intervention to treat patient conditions . These systems also significantly improve the accuracy of therapy dose pattern delivery and tissue manipulation tasks .
             There are two kinds of CIS systems, surgical CAD/CAM and surgical-assisted systems. Surgical CAD/CAM systems help to change information from preoperative images into models that aid in the intervention process . Surgical-assistant systems aid the surgeons in the actual intervention process by extending techniques beyond human capability with intraoperative processes.
             Intraoperative processes involving imaging allows surgeons access to real-time feedback . Specifically, by integrating preoperative models and intraoperative images, surgeons are able to increase the effectiveness of their treatment plans . These images give them timely and accurate information about the patient and aid in enhancing the preciseness of the intervention plan to be used. Medical imaging technology (MRIs, CT scans, PET scans) has also improved the visualization of anatomical structures in patients. As a direct result, accuracy with
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