amples of witch-hunts throughout Europe during early European history, will show difference in time-line and reasoning, but one thing stands true; women were the focal point, and were most often thought to be, and accused of being witches.
             In S. F. Nadel's article titled Witchcraft in Four African Societies: An Essay in Comparison (1952), he talks of how the Nupe have a concrete belief in witchcraft that include the perception of "witchcraft as unequivocally evil, as destroying life, mainly through mysterious wasting diseases, and as implying the power of witches to 'eat' the 'life-soul' of their victims" (p.18). Although their belief is solid and tangible, this belief of witches takes place on a "fantasy realm", which is non-tangible. These witches can not be seen when they attack, as "their bodies remain asleep at home, thus deceiving any ordinary attempts at proving, or disproving, these mystic activities", and the Nupe describe this way of travelling about as the witch leaving her "shadow-soul". (Nadel, 1952 p.19). The Nupe witch is always a woman, and as Nadel (1952) observes, the only way men are ever associated with witchcraft is in the fight against it as, "[c]ertain individuals [men] are said to possess a power similar to witchcraft, which enables them to see and deal with witches. This power is...essentially good; so that the men possessed of it can control and combat the women witches" (p.19). Note the word "control". Women witches need the "control" of the men to fully activate their powers, "for only when the female and the male powers are joined does female witchcraft become fully effective...[and the men] use their power not to assist, but to restrain the female witches, by withholding the required aid" (Nadel, 1952 p.19). Therefore, men have a certain power over the women even in their "fantasy re...