males were swayed on average 16% and males were swayed 8%. Kalton and Schuman stated that gender could be a factor that effects the strength of the question bias.
             Most of the research on question wording is on how it effects response, but some studies have gone deeper and recognized what factors effect the response. In their paper Gendall and Hoek (1990) report the results of three studies on question wording: a comparison of negative versus positive statements, a test of different question wording variations, and a test of the effect of one question on another. The results of all three studies show that with some questions slight variation can substantially change the response, but with other questions rarely anything happens. Gendall and Hoek (1990) explain this by saying that some topics naturally have more opinions and have more emotions attached to them.
             The effects of question wording have not been fully understood, but the media is already using them as a tactic. In the Article "Unpredictable Voters" Whiteley (2001) explores the effect of question wording on voting behavior. The study shows that a candidate can sway the large mass of voters in mock elections. These tactics are being used to bias electoral forecasting. The study concludes that these campaign surveys fail to provide an accurate forecast of the vote. The study finds that the results of biased mock elections are i
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