And social dialects can vary on any or all three descriptor levels; syntax or grammar, lexicon or vocabulary, and phonetics or pronunciation. Social dialects are also where the described differences are often defined as stigmatized or
nonstigmatized (Ferguson 52). Stigmatized items include use of the double negative (grammar), substituting the d
sound for the leading th and losing sounds like the middle "r" and the final "g" in "ing" (pronunciation), and stylistic choices such as puke for vomit (vocabu
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