damage on the bumper itself. It is essentially to prevent having to pay for costly repairs that could be avoided and not a great aid to serious crashworthiness. The general constituents of today's bumper are the plastic cover, over a reinforcement bar of fibreglass composite, aluminium, steel or plastic, they ought also to have some sort of mechanism that will compress to absorb shock, e.g. polypropylene foam or plastic honeycomb (known as "eggcrate"), Some use energy absorbers or brackets. For better effectiveness the
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