ce option, the consumers voice their options. "The firm's customers or the organization's members express their dissatisfaction directly to management or to some other authority to which management or to some other authority to which management is subordinate or through general protest addressed to anyone who cares to listen: this is the voice option."(Hirschman 4) If a consumer is dissatisfied with a certain way their organization they voice their opinion. They in a sense, fight to the very end making sure that they are heard that that their opinion be stated. If their voice is not heard, they finally use the exit option and leave the organization. The last option is loyalty. Loyalty in that they choose not to leave and hope that the problem will alleviate sooner or later. "As a result of loyalty, these potentially most influential customers and members will stay on longer that they would ordinarily, in the hope or, rather, reasoned expectation that improvement and can be achieved 'from within'"(Hirschman 79). These are three basic ways that the public can respond when they disapprove something from their organizers. With these three options in mind, Hirschman's concepts of exit, voice, and loyalty can also be used in helping to provide understanding America as described by David Riesman, author of The Lonely Crowd, and Judith N. Shklar, author of American Citizenship. Hirschmans option of exit can be seen in The Lonely Crowd. Exit can help further explain the types of the inner-directed others. "The inner-directed person has early incorporated a psychic gyroscope which is set going by his parent and can receive signals later on from other authorities who resemble his parents. He goes through life less independent than he seems, obe
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