of these situations were reversed, or were nonexistent. For instance, the German States lost the unity gained in the war against Russia, and reformers paid dearly; in this respect, there was some semblance of Restoration. The nationalism was gone, and the old order of a national non-identity reemerged.
             A notable change was the abolishment of the slave trade. Spain kept the slave trade until 1820, but if Napoleon remained in place, so, too, would the slave trade.3 This was certainly a departure from the old ways, as slavery was a vibrant trade activity pre-Restoration, and was vilified afterwards. Another majo
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