attempt to provide line officers with continuous access to resources increases organizational flexibility and the capacity of the police officer for solving problems. Less emphasis is placed upon written rules as a means of managing officers, and a higher premium is attached to developing an organizational culture that values mentorship and guidance, and which encourages line officers to be innovative in their attempts to find solutions to problems of neighborhood crime and disorder. Finally, those departments committed to a community-policing model must develop alternative measures of police effectiveness and accountability. In addition to crime rates, measures that focus on the quality of police service and the effectiveness of problem-solving strategies are useful indicators of how well the police are performing and to what extent the police are accountable to the community.
             Using systematic observational data "supervision" has been operationalized in past research as a measure of the number of contacts between a supervisor and a subordinate, or as the presence of a supervisor a
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