n, regarded westerners as "barbarians," "potential trouble makers and perverters of Chinese morality" . China proclaimed herself "Zhongguo, the Central Kingdom, where a civilisation superior to all others flourished". China's lack of international knowledge and distrust led her to adopt the tributary relationship with the West which was fallacy as she assumed the "barbarians" were recognising her superiority as they brought gifts when negotiating trade concessions at first, before resorting to coercion. Due to her traditionalism and narrow oversight, Manchu China totally rejected anything Western even if it proved technologically beneficial, if it "threatened the integrity of her own values" and culture.
             The westernisation of Japan during the Meiji Restoration Period onwards which equates modernisation in this context brought a multitude of benefits to the country in various sectors. It should be noted that Japan adopted western influences, localising it to suit her own needs, and did not completely abandon her own culture. Its modernisation policies were tailored to gain respect and equal status recognition with European Nations who regarded themselves superior. By adopting western style and dressing, Japan gained recognition as
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