d to be heathens" (Fredrickson, 185). As a result Europeans used religion to characterize Africans as savages because of their failure to adhere to European standards of civilization. Africans' lack of knowledge of Christian practices was used to subjugate them as laborers for the New World, and consequently helped to justify the Christian dilemma.
             Like religion, race was also instituted to support a social hierarchy in response to political and economic change. However, the use of race, in particular, stemmed from the Enlightenment's focus on scientific and biologically based differences in racial groups. In the words of George Mosse, European racism originates in the Enlightenment, when the "structure of racial thought was consolidated and determined for the next one and three-quarter centuries" (Endelman, 148). After emancipation, the existence of innate, biological, differenc
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