Nancy Lederman's essay, "Must They Tinker With the Dying," will be evaluated by using appeals to logical reasoning, appeals to values, beliefs, or character, and use of credible evidence.
             In Lederman's essay, she describes an emotional incident that her ninety year old grandmother was involved in. Her grandmother was hospitalized for an hip fracture. A week later, the surgeons told Lederman that her grandmother had more problems, and that she needed more operations. The problems increased more and more by the day. Soon, Lederman had to make a decision for her grandmother to live. Her grandmother eventually died. She did all she could to fulfill her grandmother's wishes.
             In Nancy Lederman's essay she uses logical reasoning to describe the incident of her grandmother. For example, Lederman states, "The older the patient, the more likely a hospital stay will trigger a succession of events leading to one final event." Her grandmother was ninety years old. At that age, people are likely to have a numerous of health problems. When one problem is fixed, it's likely that another will occur. No matter what the doctors did, the situation would only get worse. Also, Lederman states, "I don't know what killed her. Respiratory failure, kidney failure, heart failure-it didn't matter." Lederman's grandmother started off with just a hip fracture. She eventually ended up with respiratory, kidney, and heart problems. All these problems were led from one problem, that eventually lead to "the big event," which is death.
             Lederman also illustrates her appeals to values, beliefs, and character toward her grandmother. Lederman wanted to keep her promise to her grandmother. That was to keep her out of the nursing home, and not to let her live in pain. Therefore, she took her off the ventilator, but kept on with the blood transfusions. She believed that he...