actic, pragmatic, and semantic rules in order to communicate effectively. Speaker and receiver must co-operate. Grice's Co-operative Principle consists of four maxims: quality, quantity, relevance, and manner.
             The quantity maxim explains that the speaker has to include all the information that the receiver requires to understand the message. The speaker cannot leave out a crucial piece of information or the addressee will not be clear on what is being said. The other half of the maxim explains that a person should not present more information than is needed. It can be problematic to be too informative because knowledgeable people become bored with redundant information.
             Manner simply means that the speaker should avoid redundancies and unnecessary information. If the speaker is redundant on a consistent basis than the receiver will lose interest in the discourse. However, a speaker being too brief or concise can lead to misunderstanding.
             The demand for relevance simply means that the speaker should only include information that is relevant to the topic. Entire books have been devoted to relevance in a communication setting. When examined, perceptions of what is relevant and what is not change from person to person. Relevance becomes a matter of degree.
             The maxim of quality refers to the importance of the speaker making statements they believe to be true. If a speaker gets caught making false statements they lose credibility, or face. Therefore, the information being exchanged must be truthful.
             Even though these maxims may seem like common sense they become extremely important to written or verbal communication they are never violated without disrupting the flow of conversation or affecting the perceptions of others in conversation. Grice contends that a person must follow these guidelines if they want to appear competent in discourse.
             To better understand the nature of deceptive words, Hopper et al. (1984) worked on types ...