s. The Fourth Amendment argument was based on a 1969 ruling in which the Supreme Court had determined that ¡§a child does not leave his constitutional rights at the door of the school and the general protections offered by the Constitution do apply to students in school¡.3 The court determined that ¡§special needs" exist in the public school context. If the Fourth Amendment were enforced, as determined in the 1969 ruling, ¡§it would unduly interfere with the maintenance of the swift and informal disciplinary procedures [that are] needed, and strict adherence to the requirement that searches be based upon probable cause would undercut the substantial need of teachers and administrators for freedom to maintain order in the schools."
             Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who offered the dissenting opinion, was joined by three other justices who concluded that the circumstances in the Oklahoma case do not justify random searches of the "student population least likely to be at risk from illicit drugs."
             Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O¡Conno
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