rities and women. Affirmative action appeals to the principle of compensatory justice, which states that compensation must be made whenever an injustice has occurred (Mappes 302). There are many types of affirmative action measures, which vary in degree. The weaker policies include simply making an effort to find women and minority applicants and to make certain that employment and other job-related opportunities are visible. On the other hand, affirmative action may also involve programs called "preferential treatment" programs, of which quotas are the most common form.
             Throughout its existence and up to today, affirmative action has been highly controversial. This debate is clearly visible in Bakke's case. Dworkin is in agreement with the University speaker, Archibald Cox, and believes that only through affirmative action can many important goals in the United States be achieved. Cox specifically states that affirmative action programs are the only effective means of increasing the small number of black doctors. The Unive
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