the original republican ideal. From 1848 nationalism discarded its earlier revolutionary form and became an instrument of capitalist modernization. Minimal constitutions had been granted and most states reconciled themselves with liberalism, which, in turn, reconciled itself with reactionary conservatism, thus giving birth to modern conservatism.
             After the unification of the Italy in 1861 and the Germany in 1871, nationalism, in the form of national patriotism, became increasingly an ideology of th
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