lus, on the other hand, in negative reinforcement; a behavior increases because the response removes an aversive stimulus.
             At the end of vignette #1, Christie interrupts her teacher and he said, "Christie, hold on, don't interrupt. We have already heard from you." This is an example of operant conditioning, more specifically, punishment. It is punishment because by the teacher saying that in front of everyone it should decrease the probability that the behavior will occur again. Also, in vignette #2 there is an example of positive reinforcement. The teacher in this vignette encourages creative participation, and pointed out and thanked the students when they did participate. This is positive reinforcement because it will increase the wanted behavior.
             The second approach to learning is social cognitive theory, which states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning (Santrock 254). The reciprocal determinism model of learning includes three main factors: person, behavior, and environment. One related idea to social cognitive approach is observational learning, which is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else's behavior. For example, when I went on my field visit I observed a teacher giving a student negative reinforcement, so because of this I now know how to give negative reinforcement because of observational learning. Cognitive behavior
             approaches try to change students' misconceptions, strengthen their coping skills, increase their self-control, and encourage their constructive self-reflection (notes). Another related idea is self-regulatory learning which consists of the self-generation and self-monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reach a goal. High-achieving students are often self-regulatory learners (Santrock 268).
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