e society, a bottle of water (the signifier) means life and luxury (the signified), while for another it simply means wet. The codes change because of the different cultural beliefs and social conditions societies have. In addition, all meanings (signified) are produced by historical events within a culture and, therefore, there are no true meanings. Saussure also believed that in order to understand a concept, the signifiers must be organized into a dualistic system of concepts and categories. A signifier must have an opposite to be understood. For instance, high could not be understood without low, in the same way that cold could not be understood without hot. However, this theory was criticized because of its inaccuracy.
             Following this theory, it would mean that all the words in between the two extremes would not have meanings, which is not true. Saussure also analyzed language in a more structural way. He divided it into two categories: langue and parole. Langue is the structure of language. It is grammar and the rules of speech and writing. Langue is the structure, which we use to make sentences. It is the order in which we put our words to be understood by others. On the other hand, parole is the specific speech act. It is the surface of language. It is the union of sounds, which creates a word.
             Later, Barthe applied Saussure's linguistic approach to a broader
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