parate schools, and enacted multiple laws
             barring them from the voting booth. While protests erupted in numerous
             areas, lynching and other forms of anti-African American attacks served to
             intimidate the African Americans into submission (Sullivan, par. 7).
             Even the efforts within the African American community to strengthen
             their rights were often marred with controversy. While leaders such as
             Booker T Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois aimed to help the African Americans
             gain some control over their own lives, the methods were often in
             contradiction to one another. The roots of the effort, often born from the
             ideas of the Church, attempted to shift the focus to strengthen the inner
             community through the building of educational services, welfare services,
             and providing leadership guidance. By 1909, these ideas were adopted by
             the NAACP or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
             People. This group would eventually come to stand for the African American
             struggle throughout the next century (Sullivan, par. 8-10).
             By the summer of 1919, racism in America was being challenged on all
             fronts. That year saw more than 25 race riots, and a massive series of
             lynchings. The "New Negro" movement in the North which fostered the
             education and creativity of the African Americans, as well as provided jobs
             and decent rights and wages, did manage to aid the movement slightly.
             However, by 1930, 80 percent of African Americans still lived in the South,
             where segregation, lack of employment, lack of voting ability, lack of
             federal assistance, and Jim Crowe laws in general continued to force the
             African Americans to live a life far less glorious than those of the whites
             In 1931, the trial of nine African American boys accused of raping two
             white women, known as the "Scottsboro trails", sparked still more
             controversy about the rights of African Americans in America. The de...