Nicholas II, 1868-1918 (r.1894-1917), was the son of Alexander Iii. As a youth he received little training in affairs of state. His reign continued the suppression of political opposition and persecution of minorities. Revolutionary groups proliferated, while liberals demanded constitutional governm...

The Hundred Years' War had distant and immediate causes. In 1259, France and England signed the Treaty of Paris. This main point of the treaty was the English king agreed to become vassal of the French crown for the duchy of Aquitaine. The English claimed Aquitaine as an ancient inheritance. ...

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman was sworn into office on April 12, 1945 as the thirty-third President of the United States of America. He did not win an election, but he was the Vice President under President Franklin Roosevelt who had died so Harry Truman became President. On August 6, 1...

Throughout history, the loser had always been the ultimate evil, especially in a world war, in Germany's case. However, it is true that Germany did have voluminous responsibilities of starting the war, although she was not the one who sparked off the initial dispute. She was taking part...

On January 1,1999, the world witnessed a change never seen before: eleven nations of the European Union fixed their currencies to each other and established the world's first common currency, the Euro. The creation of a single European currency will be the most important development in the int...

In 1962, Cuban leaders became convinced that the United States was planning an attack on Cuba. Cuban leaders asked the U.S.S.R. for more military aid. The U.S.S.R. responded by sending missiles and materials to build launch sites. In October of that year, U.S. intelligence produced evide...

Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche was born on September 3, 1875. Always interested in things mechanical, at the age of 15 he equipped his family's home with electricity, designing and building the generator and even the light bulb. The name Porsche first appeared on a car in 1900...

Courage is a feeling that can only come from within. It cannot be learned, and it cannot be received from another person. Perhaps one of the most powerful examples of this is World War II. Hitler completely destroyed the lives of many Jews. Families were separated, killed, starved, and forced to...

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was with no doubt President at the worst time in American history. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President through not one but two American crisis the Great Depression and World War II. His dealings with both of them were incredible. The nations' people bestowed their ...

Milgram's Experiment: Obedience to authority is a basic tenant of any human social organization. Virtually every society has developed some sort of hierarchy in which some individuals exercise a degree of authority over others. In our society for example, teachers have authority over their ...

Many Americans have skewed notions about immigration, and those perceptions influence decision in Washington and presidential candidates on the campaign trail. Some people think immigration is out of control; a few suggest that it should be stopped altogether. The problem is that many people have il...

William Golding's 202-page novel published in 1954, Lord of the Flies, tells a story about a group of boys that are stranded on an island during World War II. These children must survive on a scarce amount of food, small area for living, and getting along with each other, including "the...