Proteins made from ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum enter the lumen of the ER and move to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. A small vacuole (vesicle) pinches off the smooth ER and carries the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where it is further processed. Mitochondria are bound...

MITOSIS Mitosis is the process of nuclear division in a living cell by which the chromosomes are exactly replicated, the two parts being separated are given to the daughter nuclei. In this process the two daughter cells receive chromosomes that are alike in composition and equal in the number of...

Stem Cell Research A stem cell could be the cure to many diseases once thought incurable. These microscopic cells have the potential to form almost any dead or damaged cell in the body. The controversy begins when the stem cells are gathered. In most cases, a human embryo must be killed to harvest...

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION All living things are made of the same basic building blocks, cells. A human is made of 65 trillion cells. Cells are everywhere, on you skin, in your blood, and even on your tongue. In fact, your blood is clear but red blood cells are what make your blood red. M...

A message from Carlos... David C. Amarasinghe Block 1-B Biology January 11, 2000 Quest: Cellular C's Hola Amigos! Me llamo Carlos Plast, but my friends call me Green. Como Estas? Well, you know, A while back I got caught for smuggling, I never figured my old buddy Carlos Phil ...

Human Cloning: The Next Frontier Imagine a world without cancer, leukemia, baldness, kidney failure, heart disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dozens of other diseases. No couple would be infertile, and gay people could have children of their own. No more endangered species would be ...

Mitochondrion are sites of cellular respiration. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane is convoluted with cristae that provide surface area. Proteins that function in respiration are built into the inner membrane. Membranes divide mitochondrion into internal compartments. The interme...

Imagine that you go to your doctor's office for a routine check-up. A few weeks later, he calls you to his office to inform you that you have been diagnosed with a rare, usually fatal type of cancer. As he describes your options for treatment, he tells you that your best hope lies in a therapy ...

Summary on the above Anthrax article Scientists are making strides that could lead to a cure to the anthrax toxins, and they are helping to clarify the pathways by which it kills. Some scientists have made a synthetic compound to disable that toxin that makes anthrax so deadly. Others have disco...

Bacteria The two most basic types of cells are eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Animal cells fall under the eukaryotic classification while bacteria, which will be the topic discussed, fall into the prokaryotic classification. Bacteria have a wide variety of characteristics, which includes, cell stru...

The Dangers and Ethical Issues of Cloning Human Beings The beauty of human life is a magnificent and mysterious phenomenon that brings upon the birth of a unique individual brought forth by the love of the child's parents. It is a time that calls for celebration and social gathering. It is a ti...

Microscopes and Electron Microscopy There are many different types of microscopes and each of them works in different ways and are used to magnify different things. Some examples of these are light microscopes, transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. Light micr...

The stakes could not be higher: life and death, potential future cures or life-threatening disappointment. Stem cells could potentially result in treatments or cures for cancer, heart disease, diabetes and other diseases. However, leaders and legislators continue to place outdated and senseless rest...

Is Human cloning playing God? There are many ethical questions that must be answered before cloning becomes a reality. Many of these questions are difficult to answer because all of the facts are still unknown because cloning itself is still in its early stages as a science. True human cloning...

Animal Research Proprietary gene targeting and nuclear transfer technology, or cloning, combined with xenotransplantation technology have proven to be one of the greatest and most practical and beneficial discovery produced by animal testing in medical laboratories. All throughout history some o...

Since our genes dictate to a large extent what we look like, how we behave and what we can and cannot do, having identical genes, as identical twins do, ensures something more than mere similarity. Novelists and filmmakers have not been slow to exploit the imagery afforded by cloning. Limitles...

From cucumbers and carrots to white rice and wheat, we humans have altered the genes of almost every food we eat. For almost 10,000 years we've been engineering plants by keeping the seeds from the best crops and planting those the next season. Following this practice year after year has resulted ...

The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the first successful animal clone of a sheep, "Dolly." Cloning refers to copying genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. Two other types of cloning ...

Structure of Cells The cell theory forms a basis way for the way that biologists may now study living things. The cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest units of all living things, and all cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. T...

One chemical holds the secret of life. It contains the instructions for manufacturing everything from bacteria to a human being with trillions of specialized or genetically altered cells. The chemical is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or what is better known as DNA. It is about to change our world o...

Genetic selection of embryos occurs today by a technique called pre-implantation genetic rhetoric around diagnosis (PGD). In PGD, a single cell of an embryo conceived during IVF is removed and genetically tested before parents decide whether to implant or discard the embryo. PGD offers us the chance...

There are several important reasons why the isolation of human pluripotent stem cells are important to science and to advances in health care. At the most fundamental level, pluripotent stem cells (cells which have the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue) can help us to underst...

Stem cell research has become a huge topic over the past few years. Stem cell research raises many questions amongst those who are not fully aware of the capabilities to stem cells can provide. The most recent issue in stem cell research has to do with President Bush. On August 9, 2001, the preside...

*Cloning* The issue of cloning has be come a great topic for the past few years. The questions of cloning or not to clone have many reasons for either option. How to define cloning. To use a good definition the Medical Association defined cloning as the production of genetically identica...

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (layu-wen-hook) was born in Delft, a city in the western Netherlands, on October 24, 1632. His father was a basket-maker, while his mother's family were brewers. Antoni was educated as a child in a school in the town of Warmond. In 1676 he serv...