s. The Creeks,
             Chickasaws, and Seminoles were also forced to move westward during the
             The "five civilized" tribes gained this designation through their
             adoption of western practices like large-scale farming, slavery, and
             western education. However, these attempts at adapting to white culture
             would ultimately not save them from being removed from their lands under
             Wallace's book, The Long, Bitter Trail, describes the Native American
             population that Jackson sought to displace as society that was a well
             developed society with a strong basis in agricultural practice. Over a
             million Native Americans, divided into dozens of tribes with unique
             language, once lived in the area. Wallace notes that "they all shared on
             basic feature: a subsistence economy based on the deliberate growing of
             corn and other vegetables in carefully tended gardens, supplemented by
             hunting and gathering" (p. 16). As such, Wallace argues that the forced
             ...