pos;s original concepts of psychoanalysis, explores the 'dynamic' nature of the anxiety caused by conflict between the id, ego and superego (McLeod 1998: 32-33). Specific techniques include free association and resistance interpretation - encouraging the client to say whatever freely comes to mind and analysing areas of defensiveness; dream analysis - dreams seen as uncensored thoughts from the unconscious; and transference - allowing the client to project feelings onto the therapist.
             Burgeoning from the classical psychoanalytical school are two philosophies conceived in the latter part of the twentieth century known as Object Relations and Attachment Theories. Corey (1991: 111-114) explains that Freud applied the word 'object' to define any person or thing embraced, usually by a child, as the 'target of feelings or drives'. Melanie Klein developed the Object Relations Theory as an extension of this original hypothesis. The theory describes the enigma precipitated by the child's need to direct all emotions at one 'object' – usually the mother or primary caregiver – and its inability to integrate the simultaneous concepts of love and hate. Klein suggests that this inability to tolerate ambivalent feelings for the one object person may bring about 'underdeveloped personalities' in adulthood (Avery 1996:26-27). D.W. Winnicott added another dimension by introducing the notion of 'good enough mothering' whereby a 'good enough' mother will gradually let her child down to encourage independence, understanding of individuality and healthy object relations. If the process is hurried or degraded the child can create a 'false self' to protect its 'true self' from further distress (Avery: 27-28).
             Attachment Theory (or self-psychology), espoused by John Bowlby to oppose those of Melanie Klein, demonstrates that in order for adul...