am.
             Understanding the history of the Nation of Islam and the development of the inner-city black neighborhoods of places like Chicago define specific trends that are inherent in the substantial support for black Islamic nationalism. As a result, defining the basic development of the Nation of Islam and considering the impact for cities like Chicago defines specific trends and helps to determine the impact of Louis Farrakhan and other black Islamic leaders in the modern era.
             The history of the Nation of Islam is based in the early perspectives of Wali Farad (also known as W. D. Fard), who initiated the integration of a Muslim identity and Muslim teachings in the black community of Detroit in the 1930s. When Farad disappeared in 1934, the leadership of the group was taken over by Elijah Poole, who had become Elijah Muhammad and directed the group in Detroit before moving to Chicago (Turner, 1997).
             "Elijah Poole moved to Detroit from Georgia at the age of 22. Like thousands of other black people in the 1920s, he had heard about Marcus Garvey, the remarkable orator and leader of the black masses. Soon after Poole's arrival in Detroit, he traveled to Chicago with a friend to hear Garvey speak. "Awake, you sons and daughters of Africa on the continent and in the lands of exile. Up, you mighty race! Man can accomplish what you will," Garvey proclaimed to his
             captivated audience" (Turner, 1997, p. 20).
             The impacts of the worlds of Marcus Garvey and the identification with the messages that he conveyed determined the focus on the redemption of the African identity and the creation of a kind of racial solidarity and pride that was clearly defined (Frazier, 1974). Elijah Poole's perspective, then, was unified under the teachings of Garvey and based in his participation in the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Chicago (Turner, 1997).
             For Poole, the UNIA was a model Pan-African movement for the black masses for seve...