is the war wounds that Jake and his companions have endured from their experiences in the First World War. Through Jake, Hemingway shows that his wounds are not merely physical, and that his reaction to his situation in turn affects everyone around him, as their wounds do the same to him. The
             most easily identifiable wound that Jake has is his physical wound. Being emasculated in the First World War changed everything about Jake, not just his sexual lifestyle but also the way he functions in everyday life. His injury's effect is not only physical, for it has also rendered him completely useless in a way that cannot be seen to the casual observer. Therefore, Jake's wound has made him "impotent in more ways than one" (Reynolds 64).
             Because his emasculation has affected him so deeply, his mental wounds can be easily seen throughout the novel. His injury has made him not a man but a tool to be used by Brett and the others. His mental state is so damaged that it is then simply impossible to resist their demands. He has, by being "unable to stand up to life, experiences, women, his inner self" (Vogat 93), become a true casualty of the First World War.
             This is the Jake introduced at the beginning of the novel, Jake the instrument, not the man. But as the novel progresses, Jake begins to exhibit some change in his behavior. This change must come because he "must learn to accept the discomfort...that comes with his loss of authority" (Martin 75). As he changes, he begins to form new opinions about the different people he has been in contact with throughout the novel.
             So because his physical wounds directly affect his mental state, it is easy to explain his interaction with the other characters as the novel progresses. His disgust with himself then transcends into his feelings for the others around him. Feeling resentful because of his impotence, he now begins to examine others around him with a more critical view. A perfect example of t...