ty efforts.
             Johnson urged the Bureau of Employment Security "...to act positively
             and affirmatively to implement the policy of nondiscrimination..."(Skyes
             1). The two measures helped to make difference but were still not enough
             Eventually, minority groups grew tired of persecution. The
             first important court case to affect affirmative action transpired as a
             result. In 1954 Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas
             established that the earlier ruling in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson,
             which had established the concept of "separate but equal" educational
             facilities, was unequal and thus unconstitutional (Banfield 5 and Skyes
             1). Schools were instructed to integrate "...with all deliberate
             speed..."(Banfield 31). Following this case, in 1961 Kennedy recognized
             the need to give minorities' equal rights. His initiative was only the
             beginning of a long and tedious process. Then, the Civil Rights Acts of
             1964 supplemented Kennedy's ideas. Title II forbid racial discrimination
             in "public accommodations while Title VI of the Act declared that "No
             person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color or
             national origin be excluded from participation in, be denied the
             benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or
             activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Skyes 1 and Cahn 1).
             This meant, for the first time universities and colleges were required
             to abide by a nondiscrimination policy. Also, the Voting Rights Act of
             1965 insured the ability to vote for all races (Skyes 1). Shortly after
             these acts, pursuing what Kennedy had began, President Lyndon Johnson,
             in his Executive Order 11246 of 1965, was the first to use the term
             "affirmative action" (Skyes 1). Order 11246 required federal
             contractors to take "affirmative action" in assuring applicants and
             current employees receive equal treatment regardless of race, creed,
             color or nationali...